This video explains the relationships between population and sample in the context of a statistical study on high school students with driver's licenses. It discusses the definitions of population, sample, sampling frame, and census, and emphasizes the importance of considering the appropriateness of the sampling frame for making generalizations about the entire population. The video also covers the variables of interest, statistical inference, reliability, and sampling variability. Overall, it provides a clear understanding of the concepts related to population and sample in statistical studies.